The numerical calculation yields 736.08 W or 0.736 kW. Upper and lower currents are retarded occasionally due to strong winds. Şen collected various numerical data for the current energy generation and presented an effective methodology for energy generation from the currents of the Bosporus. This flow generates large-scale local anticyclonic circulation at the right of the outflow in the southeastern coast of the Marmara Sea, the upper flow layer has kinetic energy potential due to the current speed almost at each point along the Bosporus. The surface flow is also supported by the northerly winds. The flow through the Bosporus has two interesting types as one at the top from the Black Sea toward the Marmara Sea due to the sea water elevation difference and another one at a depth close to the bottom as a result of density difference toward the Black Sea, because the density of the Marmara Sea is higher than that of the Black Sea, which is diluted by river flows from the two continents (Europe and Asia) as mentioned before. It has been mentioned by Özyalvaç that the Bosporus has two sills one at the northern end near the Black Sea at about 33 m depth and another one at the southern end at 60 m depth. Energy generation possibility from ocean currents: Bosphorus, Istanbul. This innovative research shows that air temperature and pressure considerations in the average wind power calculation give about 1.3% decrease in Istanbul, whereas in Al-Madinah Al-Monawwarah, it is about 13.7%. Such a comparative study indicates that the wind power calculation gains significance with the incorporation of temperature–pressure dependent air density when compared to the case only the standard air density is used in arid regions. On the other hand, at the arid location, Al-Madinah Al-Monawwarah, the relative errors are more than 10%. In a humid region, such as at Istanbul, the wind power calculations either with standard atmospheric assumptions or actual temperature–pressure variation that depends on variable air density, the relative errors in all the statistical quantities are less than the practically acceptable level, let’s say, 5%. ( 2 )įinally, one can observe that, in humid and arid regions, the wind power calculations with standard air density assumption leads to over-estimations. Humid and arid regions solar energy calculations. However, in the desert regions of the world, Angström approach is more reliable but at the mountainous regions with frequent partially cloudy weather occurrences, the fractal model’s usage is preferable for more reliable prediction of the global solar irradiation values from the measured sunshine duration data. This implies physically that the exponent, c, becomes close to 1 toward the polar and equator regions.
It is possible to conclude physically that toward the equator in the tropical and polar regions, the use of Angström equation is more reliable than in the subtropical regions. The convergence between the Angström and FEM models appears at the intermediate sunshine duration and solar irradiation data values. The use of the Angström and the FEM models does not make significant differences at the extreme weather conditions, such as overcast and clear sky situations, but most of the time, particularly in Turkey, and generally, in the subtropical countries, the weather frequently occurs between these two extreme cases.
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